Dirty_Col
Legacy Member
Ali_ zei:Pure JOY zoals jullie zien![]()
Gij liever dan ik ;_;
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Ali_ zei:Pure JOY zoals jullie zien![]()
Dirty_Col zei:Gij liever dan ik ;_;
) stierf de tekenaar van marsipulami, geef zijn naam.
ComputerVISTA zei:Sjah, wat ik leer is ook bijlange niet actueel![]()

rammsein zei:voor mij zou dat zo een ramp zijn die actualiteit ,![]()
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hoe hard je ook zegt tegen jezelf: Ali niet gokken, niet doen, enkel de vrage die je weet! als je dan zo klaar bent en niet naar buite mag gaan doe je da toch en haal je je ptn naar benede
ma morge doe ik het ECHT niet!Dirty_Col zei:Gij liever dan ik ;_;

Hellrabbit zei:Jamaar abbo hebben en het effectief lezen is 2 ;_;

Handsome Hermit zei:alllee, 90% van wat daar staat dat weet ge toch zo als ge naar het nieuws ziet.![]()

Hellrabbit zei:Jamaar abbo hebben en het effectief lezen is 2 ;_;
Waarom moet gij in godsnaam nog al die DOS-zaken leren :|. Zeker als je bedenkt dat MS-DOS qua geheugenindeling en nog veel meer nogal een rampzalig stukje software was.ComputerVISTA zei:Deeltje uit de cursus, hier kunnen de 'echte' studenten wel van af leiden hoe makkelijk het is
The operating system that runs the computer uses physical memory and virtual memory. Physical memory is called RAM and is also referred to as system memory. The four categories of system memory in the operating system are conventional, upper, high and extended memory.
The logical divisions of memory were originally created because MS-DOS and early IBM PC microprocessors had a maximum memory space of 1 MB. This 1 MB of memory was split into two chunks. The first 640 KB was for the user and the operating system and the upper 384 KB was for BIOS and utilities. Since Windows 9x is built on an MS-DOS foundation, it supports different types of physical memory specifications from the original IBM PC and its many descendants. These physical memory specifications are discussed in this section, while virtual memory is discussed in a later section. Figure
illustrates the allocation of physical memory.
Conventional Memory
Conventional memory includes all memory addresses between 0 and 640 KB. It is also called base memory. This is the area where MS-DOS programs normally operate. In older DOS machines, this is the only memory available for running the operating system files, application programs, memory-resident routines, and device drivers. Memory-resident routines include terminate-and-stay (TSR) programs such as mouse and CD-ROM drivers. Figure
illustrates the allocation of conventional memory.
Upper Memory and Expanded Memory
Also known as reserved memory, upper memory includes memory addresses that fall between 640 KB and 1024 KB (1 MB). It follows conventional memory and has a size of 384 KB. Upper memory is available in the form of upper memory blocks (UMBs). Programs that operate on upper memory include system BIOS, plug-and-play BIOS, video BIOS, and video RAM. Depending on the system, between 96 KB and 160 KB of this memory space is not used by hardware, but these addresses are only available if an appropriate memory manager such as EMM386.EXE is installed during the startup process. Figure
illustrates the allocation of upper memory and expanded memory.
Expanded memory is another memory area that is similar to upper memory. Expanded memory is also called the expanded memory specification (EMS). This memory that can be accessed in pages of 16-KB chunks from a 64-KB page frame. These pages are established in unused UMBs. The primary device driver that allows the use of EMS is the EMM386.EXE. This program frees up conventional memory by allowing unused portions of the reserved memory area to be used for DOS drivers and memory-resident routines.
Extended Memory
The 80286 microprocessor and its protected operating mode made it possible to access physical memory locations beyond the 1-MB limit of the 8088 and 8086 microprocessors. Memory above this address is generally referred to as extended memory. This area of memory is also called extended memory specification (XMS). XMS is the primary memory area used by Windows 9x. A device driver that is loaded by the operating system controls this memory area. Windows 9x loads the XMS driver called HIMEM.SYS during startup. HIMEM.SYS makes extended memory available to Windows 9x and other compatible MS-DOS programs. Figure
illustrates the allocation of extended memory.
High Memory
After the XMS driver is loaded and extended memory becomes available to the operating system, the first 64 KB of extended memory is called the high memory area (HMA). HIMEM.SYS usually activates the DOS=HIGH option, which allows the MS-DOS kernel used by Windows 9x to be copied into the HMA. DOS uses the HMA, which frees up conventional memory for use by applications. Figure
illustrates the allocation of high memory.
There are several tools that can be used to manage and optimize system memory. Some of these tools and how they are used are explored in this section.
* EMM386.EXE – This memory manager emulates expanded memory and thus makes upper memory available for use by the operating system. It can be used as follows:
o To add MS-DOS TSR utilities into upper memory blocks, include this line in CONFIG.SYS: Device=C: \Windows\Emm386.exe NOEMS
The NOEMS (No Expanded Memory) option tells the OS not to convert extended memory to expanded memory. This is shown in Figure .
The file IO.SYS adds the following statement to the memory configuration to make UMBs available to MS-DOS TSRs:
DOS=UMB
* To add MS-DOS applications needing access to EMS memory, include this statement in CONFIG.SYS: Device=C: \Windows\Emm386.exe RAM
This statement, shown in Figure
, converts XMS memory space to a common pool of XMS/EMS memory that is available to both Windows 9x and DOS applications. Note that again the DOS=UMB statement is added by IO.SYS to make unused UMBs available to MS-DOS TSRs.
* HIMEM.SYS – Load this device driver to convert memory starting at 1 MB available as XMS or extended memory. It is loaded from the config.sys file. The syntax for this command is: DEVICE=C: \DOS\HIMEM.SYS
* DOS=HIGH – Option added into Config.sys file to tell the operating system to move a portion of itself (such as MS-DOS Kernel) into the High Memory Area. Usually combined with DOS=UMB to tell it to create an upper memory block using this syntax: DOS=HIGH, UMB
* DEVICEHIGH/LOADHIGH – DEVICEHIGH (used in CONFIG.SYS) and LOADHIGH (used in Autoexec.Bat) both put upper memory blocks to use, once HIMEM.SYS and EMM386.EXE have been loaded. To load a mouse driver high, for example, use this syntax: DEVICEHIGH=C: \DOS\MOUSE.SYS
Other system memory tools include MemMaker, included with DOS 6.0, to help simplify the task of placing TSRs into upper memory. Use this utility to make the needed entries in the CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT files.
Dit is nu wel een poepsimpel deeltje, 't was 't eerste dak zag en da maar gecopiet
Das een 1 pagina btw, allez anderhalf ofzo![]()
Fighting Hobbit zei:Hoera voor thermodynamica als ik dit zie.
Ben me net lekker over carnotmotoren aant buigen...
Best wel een plezant vak.
Nog een helft cursus te gaan... :/QplQyer zei:Waarom moet gij in godsnaam nog al die DOS-zaken leren :|. Zeker als je bedenkt dat MS-DOS qua geheugenindeling en nog veel meer nogal een rampzalig stukje software was.

Exorikos zei:Hebben jullie statistische thermo? Wij toegepaste en we zijn al aan de 3de (!) hoofdwetNog een helft cursus te gaan... :/
Die van filosofie daarstraks; hij heeft 6 bladzijden gedaan op 2 uur...

Ether zei:Yup, das gewoon bikke inleiding tot elektriek e, zowa de basisdingen maar nie echt diepgaand.
, zo van alles wat weten maar van niets echt iets vatten.